12. Divine Justice and Reward Based on Deeds

Surah An-Najm transitions to expound upon Allah's perfect system of justice, emphasizing the immutable principle that every soul will receive precisely what it has earned. This section begins with an assertion of Allah's comprehensive knowledge:

Allah (swt) establishes His perfect knowledge as the foundation for divine justice. Unlike human justice systems compromised by limited information, Allah's judgment is based on complete knowledge of both outward actions and inward intentions. He perfectly discerns who has truly strayed and who has embraced guidance.

The surah then articulates the fundamental principle of divine justice:

This verse connects Allah's sovereignty over creation with His perfect justice. His ownership of all existence is not merely theoretical but manifests in His system of accountability where evil is punished and good is rewarded.

The text proceeds to identify those who are exemplars of righteousness:

Here, Allah (swt) describes the muttaqīn (righteous ones) as those who avoid kabā'ir (major sins) and fawāḥish (shameful acts), while acknowledging the reality of human weakness through the exception of lamam (minor slips). This realistic approach to human morality is coupled with the assurance of Allah's vast forgiveness, balancing accountability