The Madinan Period, Part 7: The Captives and Aftermath of Badr
Section 9 of 16 · The Life of the Prophet Muhammad: The Madinan Period
Ransom Through Teaching, and the Ruling on Prisoners of War
The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) told the prisoners of war who could teach reading and writing, the ones who were literate: if you teach ten children to read and write, that will be your ransom, you will be freed. This shows the importance that was placed on literacy and on education, given that:
ٱقْرَأْ بِٱسْمِ رَبِّكَ ٱلَّذِى خَلَقَ
“Read with the name of your Lord who created (every thing),” (96:1)
Read, in the name of your Lord who created — was the first āyah revealed to the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him). Finally, then, there is the ruling on prisoners of war, the Islamic ruling. It is up to the leader, up to the Muslim Imām, to determine the fate of prisoners of war. He has the choice of executing them — an example being ʿUqbah ibn Abī Muʿayṭ and al-Naḍr ibn al-Ḥārith, who were executed by the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him). Or he can free them without ransom, as he did with Abū ʿAzzah, the first time, and with Abū al-ʿĀṣ. Or he can free them with ransom, as he did with the rest of the prisoners of war. And he has the option of enslaving the prisoners of war, as in the ruling that Saʿd ibn Muʿādh would give concerning Banū Qurayẓah. So these are the rulings on prisoners of war in Islam. We have our own Geneva Convention; we do not have to abide by anyone's Geneva Convention. Allah, Mighty and Majestic, has already taught us what is right and what is wrong. So Muslims have their own rules, which are part of the Sharīʿah of Allah, Mighty and Majestic, and it carries within it the guidance, al-hudā, that Muslims need.