The Bird Kingdom, Domestic and Wild

What of the bird kingdom? There are two types of birds too, the domestic ones and the wild birds. The domestic ones are absolutely ḥalāl and mubāḥ and permissible to eat: all poultry and fowl, chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese are all permissible — even pigeons, where a person raises pigeons in his own backyard for consumption, or quails for that matter; all of it is permissible to eat. The wild birds, the game birds as they are called, which live in the wild, Islam categorises into two: those with claws and those without. Among the wild birds, those without claws, which are ḥalāl and mubāḥ to consume, are pigeons, sparrows, quails, partridges, cranes, nightingales, the hoopoe — the hudhud — the whoopee bird, and all forms of ducks and geese: all the game birds that eat seeds. Some of these birds are unfamiliar to many, but they are quite common in the rural areas — the partridge, the crane, the nightingale, that little singing bird, beautiful; and the whoopee, a name most have never heard, having heard of hippies but not of whoopees. The bird that the Qurʾān mentions, the one that brought news to Sulaymān (peace be upon him), the hudhud, is ḥalāl to consume. Those with claws are absolutely ḥarām and impermissible to eat — all forms of reptiles,^** the birds of prey which eat jīfah, which eat other animals, carrion, rotten animals, ripping them apart to eat them: falcons, eagles, hawks, kites, vultures, crows, storks, night owls, and bats.